Information 

References

  1. Wong DL, Baker CM. Pain in children: comparison of assessment scales. Pediatr Nurs. 1988;14(1):9-17.
  2. Fradet C, McGrath PJ, Kay J, Adams S, Luke B. A prospective survey of reactions to blood tests by children and adolescents. Pain. 1990;40(1):53-60.
  3. American Academy of Pediatrics/American Pain Society. The assessment and management of acute pain in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2001;108(3):793-797.
  4. Data on file, Anesiva, Inc.
  5. Humphrey GB, Boon CM, van Linden van den Heuvell GF, van de Wiel HB. The occurrence of high levels of acute behavioral distress in children and adolescents undergoing routine venipunctures. Pediatrics. 1992;90(1 pt 1):87-91.
  6. Cummings EA, Reid GJ, Finley GA, McGrath PJ, Ritchie JA. Prevalence and source of pain in pediatric inpatients. Pain. 1996;68(1):25-31.
  7. Caty S, Ritchie JA, Ellerton ML. Helping hospitalized preschoolers manage stressful situations: the mother's role. Child Health Care. 1989;18(4):202-209.
  8. Zempsky WT, Cravero JP; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Section on Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine. Relief of pain and anxiety in pediatric patients in emergency medical systems. Pediatrics. 2004;114(5):1348-1356.
  9. Finley GA, Franck LS, Grunau RE, von Baeyer CL. Why children's pain matters. International Association for the Study of Pain. Pain: Clin Updates. 2005; XIII(4):1-6.
  10. Zeltzer LK, Altman A, Cohen D, LeBaron S, Munuksela EL, Schechter NL. American Academy of Pediatrics Report of the Subcommittee on the Management of Pain Associated with Procedures in Children With Cancer. Pediatrics. 1990;86(3 pt 2):826-831.
  11. Ellis JA, Sharp D, Newhook K, Cohen J. Selling comfort: a survey of interventions for needle procedures in a pediatric hospital. Pain Manag Nurs. 2004;5(4):144-152.
  12. Kleiber C, Harper DC. Effects of distraction on children's pain and distress during medical procedures: a meta-analysis. Nurs Res. 1999;48(1):44-49.
  13. Gaynard L, Wolfer J, Goldberger J, Thompson R, Redburn L, Laidley L. Psychosocial Care of Children in Hospitals: A Clinical Practice Manual From the ACCH Child Life Research Project. Rockville, MD: Child Life Council; 1998.
  14. Bhargava R, Young KD. Procedural pain management patterns in academic pediatric emergency departments. Acad Emerg Med. 2007;14(5):479-482.
  15. MacLean S, Obispo J, Young KD. The gap between pediatric emergency department procedural pain management treatments available and actual practice. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2007;23(2):87-93.
  16. Helping Your Child With Medical Experiences: A Practical Parent Guide. Created jointly by the Department of Psychiatry and the Center for Families at Children's Hospital, Boston, MA. www.experiencejournal.com/cardiac/clinic/parentguide.pdf. Accessed March 3, 2008.
  17. Infusion Nurses Society. Infusion Nursing Standards of Practice. J Infus Nurs. 2006;29(suppl 1):S1-S92.
  18. Psychological interventions for needle-related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;4:CD005179.
  19. Kids Health Galaxy, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia's Web Site for Kids. http://www.chop.edu/kidshealthgalaxy/khg.shtml. Accessed March 3, 2008.
  20. Oncology Nursing Society. Access device guidelines: recommendations for nursing practice and education. http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc-id=8338. Accessed March 3, 2008.
  21. Committee on the Future of Emergency Care in the United States Health System; Institute of Medicine. Emergency Care for Children: Growing Pains. Future of Emergency Care series. The National Academies Press: Washington, D.C., 2006.
  22. Children's Hospital of Los Angeles: Principles of Family Centered Care; http://www.childrenshospitalla.org/site/pp.aspx?c=ipINKTOAJsG&b=3897213&printmode=1. Accessed July 7, 2008.
  23. Schechter NL, Zempsky WT, Cohen LL, et al. Pain Reduction During Pediatric Immunizations: Evidence-Based Review and Recommendations. Pediatrics 2007;119;e1184-e1198.
  24. Wong DL and Baker CM. Pain in Children: Comparison of Assessment Scales. Pediatric Nursing. 1988;14:9-17.
  25. Zempsky WT, Bean-Lijewski J, Kauffman RE et al. Needlefree Powder Lidocaine Delivery System Provides Rapid Effective Analgesia for Venipuncture or Cannulation Pain in Children: Randomized, Double-Blind Comparison of Venipuncture and Venous Cannulation Pain After Fast-Onset Needlefree Powder Lidocaine or Placebo Treatment Trial. Pediatrics. 2008;121(5):1-9.
  26. ZingoTM Full Prescribing Information, Anesiva, Inc., 2007.
  27. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health and American Pain Society Task Force on Pain in Infants, Children, and Adolescents. The assessment and management of acute pain in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2001;108:793-797.
  28. MacLean S, Obispo J, Young KD. The gap between pediatric emergency department procedural pain management treatments available and actual practice. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2007;23(2):87-93.
  29. Kennedy RM, Luhmann JD. Pharmacological management of pain and anxiety during emergency procedures in children. Paediatr Drugs. 2001;3(5):337-354.
  30. Lidocaine 2.5% and prilocaine 2.5% (EMLA®) [package insert]. Wilmington, DE: AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP; 2005.
  31. Lidocaine 4% (LMX4®) [package insert]. Ferndale, MI: Ferndale Laboratories, Inc; 2005.
  32. Eichenfield LF, Funk A, Fallon-Friedlander S, Cunningham BB. A clinical study to evaluate the efficacy of ELA-Max (4% liposomal lidocaine) as compared with eutectic mixture of local anesthetics cream for pain reduction of venipuncture in children. Pediatrics. 2002;109(6):1093-1099.
  33. Taddio A, Soin HK, Schuh S, Koren G, Scolnik D. Liposomal lidocaine to improve procedural success rates and reduce procedural pain among children: a randomized controlled trial CMAJ. 2005;172(13):1691-1695.
  34. Kleiber C, Sorenson M, Whiteside K, Gronstal BA, Tannous R. Topical anesthetics for intravenous insertion in children: a randomized equivalency study. Pediatrics. 2002;110(4):758-761.
  35. Koh JL, Harrison D, Myers R, Dembinski R, Turner H, McGraw T. A randomized, double-blind comparison study of EMLA® and ELA-Max® for topical anesthesia in children undergoing intravenous insertion. Pediatr Anaesth. 2004;14(12):977-982.
  36. Lidocaine HCl/epinephrine topical Iontophoretic patch (LidoSite™ Topical System) [package insert]. Bethlehem, PA: B. Braun Medical, Inc; 2004.
  37. Numby Stuff® Directions for use. IOMED Web site. http://www.iomed.com. Accessed March 8, 2008.
  38. Lidocaine 70 mg and tetracaine 70 mg topical patch (Synera®) [package insert]. Chadds Ford, PA: Endo Pharmaceuticals; 2006.
  39. Lidocaine hydrochloride monohydrate (Zingo™) [package insert]. South San Francisco, CA: Anesiva, Inc; 2007